Whether you are a back-end programmer or a front-end programmer, you cannot avoid dealing with Linux. There are many Linux commands, and here are only 20 commonly used ones, which are convenient for quick viewing, and you are welcome to add them.
1.mkdir command
Abbreviation for make directories, used to create directories Create directories
Syntax format: mkdir [parameters] [directory]
Common parameters:
| parameter | illustrate |
|---|---|
| -p | Create multi-level directories recursively |
| -m | Set the permissions of the directory while creating the directory |
Reference example:
- Under the current directory, create a directory named dir
[root@wayne:~]# mkdir dir
- Create a subdirectory dir under the directory /usr/wayne, and set the file owner to have read, write and execute permissions, and others have no access
[root@wayne:~]# mkdir -m 700 /usr/wayne/dir
- Create two directories at the same time
[root@wayne:~]# mkdir dir1 dir2
- Create directories recursively
[root@wayne:~]# mkdir -p dirs/subdir
2.rmdir command
Abbreviation for remove directory, used to delete empty directories
Syntax format: rmdir [parameter] [directory name]
Common parameters:
| parameter | illustrate |
|---|---|
| -p | Recursively delete all parent directories in the specified directory path, if it is not empty, an error will be reported |
| -v | Display the detailed execution process of the command |
Reference example:
- delete empty directory
[root@wayne:~]# rmdir dir
- Recursively delete the specified directory tree
[root@wayne:~]# rmdir -p dirs/subdir/dir1
- Show detailed execution process
[root@wayne:~]# rmdir -p -v dirs/subdir/dir1 rmdir: removing directory, 'dirs/subdir/dir1/' rmdir: removing directory, 'dirs/subdir' rmdir: removing directory, 'dirs'
3.touch command
Used to create a new empty file, or change the timestamp attribute of an existing file
Grammar format: touch [parameter] [file]
Common parameters:
| parameter | illustrate |
|---|---|
| -a | Change the read time record of the file |
| -m | Change the modification time record of a file |
Reference example:
- create empty file
[root@wayne:~]# touch myfile.txt
- Batch create files
[root@wayne:~]# touch myfile{1..5}.txt
[root@wayne:~]# ls
myfile1.txt myfile2.txt myfile3.txt myfile4.txt myfile5.txt- Modify the access (access) time of the file
[root@wayne:~]# stat myfile.txt File: 'myfile.txt' ... Access: 2023-03-07 12:15:46.931368541 +0800 Modify: 2023-03-07 12:15:46.931368541 +0800 Change: 2023-03-07 12:15:46.931368541 +0800 [root@wayne:~]# touch -a myfile.txt [root@wayne:~]# stat myfile.txt File: 'myfile.txt' ... Access: 2023-03-07 12:17:15.675569149 +0800 Modify: 2023-03-07 12:15:46.931368541 +0800 Change: 2023-03-07 12:17:15.675569149 +0800
- Modify the modify (modification) time of the file
[root@wayne:~]# stat myfile.txt File: 'myfile.txt' ... Access: 2023-03-07 12:17:15.675569149 +0800 Modify: 2023-03-07 12:15:46.931368541 +0800 Change: 2023-03-07 12:17:15.675569149 +0800 [root@wayne:~]# touch -m myfile.txt [root@wayne:~]# stat myfile.txt File: 'myfile.txt' ... Access: 2023-03-07 12:17:15.675569149 +0800 Modify: 2023-03-07 12:19:08.223649598 +0800 Change: 2023-03-07 12:19:08.223649598 +0800
4.rm command
Used to delete one or more files (directories) in a directory
Syntax format: rmdir [parameter] [directory name]
Common parameters:
| parameter | illustrate |
|---|---|
| -f | Ignore non-existing files without warning messages |
| -i | Before deleting, the user will be asked whether to operate |
| -r | delete recursively |
| -v | Display the detailed execution process of the command |
Reference example:
- Ask for confirmation one by one before deleting:
[root@wayne:~]# rm -i myfile.txt rm: remove regular empty file 'myfile.txt'?
- Delete directly without any prompt:
[root@wayne:~]# rm -f myfile.txt
- Recursively delete a directory and all files in it:
[root@wayne:~]# mkdir dirs/subdir/dir1 [root@wayne:~]# rm -rf dirs/subdir/dir1
- Delete all files in the current directory:
[root@wayne:~]# rm -rf *
- Clear all files in the system (<font color='red'>use with caution</font>):
[root@wayne:~]# rm -rf /*
5.mv command
Abbreviation for move, used to move files or rename them
Syntax format: mv [parameters]
Common parameters:
| parameter | illustrate |
|---|---|
| -i | If a file with the same name exists, ask the user whether to overwrite |
| -f | When overwriting existing files, no prompts will be given |
| -b | If the file exists, create a backup of it before overwriting |
| -u | The move operation is only performed when the source file is newer than the target file, or the target file does not exist |
Reference example:
- Rename the file file1 to file2:
[root@wayne:~]# mv file1 file2
- Move the file myfile into the directory dir:
[root@wayne:~]# mv myfile /dir
- Move directory dir1 to directory dir2 (directory dir2 already exists, if it does not exist, rename it):
[root@wayne:~]# mv /dir1 /dir2
- Move all files in the srcdir directory to the current directory:
[root@wayne:~]# mv srcdir/* .
6.cp command
Copy abbreviation, used to copy files or directories
Syntax format: cp [parameter] [file]
Common parameters:
| parameter | illustrate |
|---|---|
| -f | If the target file already exists, it will directly overwrite the original file |
| -i | If the target file already exists, it will ask whether to overwrite |
| -r | Copy files and directories recursively |
| -d | When copying a symbolic link, the target file or directory is also established as a symbolic link, and points to the original file or directory linked to the source file or directory |
| -l | Make a hard link to the source file instead of copying the file |
| -s | Create a symbolic link to the source file instead of copying the file |
Reference example:
- Copy directory:
[root@wayne:~]# cp -r dir1 dir2/
- Copy the file srcfile into the file dstfile:
[root@wayne:~]# cp srcfile dstfile
- Copy multiple files to the dir directory:
[root@wayne:~]# cp -r file1 file2 file3 dir
- Copy all .c files in the /usr/wayne directory to the directory dstdir
[root@wayne:~]# cp -r /usr/wayne/*.c dstdir
7 cat command
Used to display the contents of the file
Grammar format: cat [parameter] [file]
Common parameters:
| parameter | illustrate |
|---|---|
| -n | number all output lines |
| -b | No numbering for blank lines |
| -s | Two or more consecutive blank lines, replaced by one blank line |
Reference example:
- Print the file contents without line numbers:
[root@wayne:~]# cat file
- Print file contents with line numbers:
[root@wayne:~]# cat -n file
8.pwd command
Abbreviation for print working directory, used to print the working directory
Reference example
View the current working directory path:
[[root@wayne:~]# pwd /home/wayne
9.ls command
The abbreviation of list, which is used to list the contents of the specified directory and its related attribute information
Syntax format: ls [parameter] [file]
Common parameters:
| parameter | illustrate |
|---|---|
| -a | Show all files and directories (including hidden files starting with ".") |
| -A | Same as -a, but do not list "." (current directory) and ".." (parent directory) |
| -l | List file and directory information using long format |
| -r | Display files in reverse order (alphabetical order by default) |
| -t | Sort by last modification time |
| -S | Sort by file size |
| -R | List all subdirectories recursively |
Reference example:
- view files in the current directory
[root@wayne:~]# ls -a
- View all files in the current directory (including hidden files starting with .):
[root@wayne:~]# ls -a
- View detailed information about files and directories:
[root@wayne:~]# ls -l
- View all files under the root directory (/):
[root@wayne:~]# ls /
- List all files in the current working directory whose names begin with "s":
[root@wayne:~]# ls -ltr s*
- List the details of all directories and files under the /bin directory:
[root@wayne:~]# ls -lR /bin
- List all files and directories in the current working directory and sort them by file size:
[root@wayne:~]# ls -AS
10.cd command
Abbreviation for change directory, used to switch to the specified directory
Syntax format: cd [parameter] [directory name]
Common parameters:
| parameter | illustrate |
|---|---|
| - | Return to last directory |
| ~ | Switch to the current user directory |
| .. | Switch to the previous directory |
Reference example:
- Switch the current working directory to the dir directory
[root@wayne:~]# cd dir
- Switch to the current user directory:
[root@wayne:~]# cd ~
- Switch to the upper directory:
[root@wayne:~]# cd ..
- Switch to the upper two directories:
[root@wayne:~]# cd ../..
- Change to the root directory:
[root@wayne:~]# cd /
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